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Tax Issues Related to Hobbies

10/21/2019

 
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Article Highlights:

  • Hobby Losses
  • Not-for-Profit Rules
  • Determining Factors
  • Trade or Business Presumption
  • Hobby Tax Reporting
  • Self-Employment Tax​
Generally, when individuals have a hobby, they have it because they enjoy it and are not involved in their hobby with the goal of making money. In fact, most hobbies never make money or don’t even create any income, for that matter. Tax law generally does not allow deductions for personal expenses except those allowed as itemized deductions on the 1040 Schedule A, and this also applies to hobby expenses.

Some hobbyists try to get a tax deduction for their hobby expenses by treating their hobby as a trade or a business. By disguising hobbies as a trade or business, and if the hobby expenses exceed the hobby income, they think they can report the difference between hobby income and expenses as a deductible business loss. Not in this case!

To curtail hobbies being treated as businesses, the tax code includes rules that do not permit losses for not-for-profit activities such as hobbies. The not-for-profit rules are often referred to as the hobby loss rules.  

The distinction between a hobby and a trade or business sometimes becomes blurred, and the determination depends upon a series of factors, with no single factor being decisive. All of these factors have to be considered when making the determination:


  • Is the activity carried out in a businesslike manner?
  • How much time and effort does the taxpayer spend on the activity?
  • Does the taxpayer depend on the activity as a source of income?
  • Are losses from the activity the result of sources beyond the taxpayer’s control?
  • Has the taxpayer changed business methods in attempts to improve profitability?
  • What is the taxpayer’s expertise in the field?
  • What success has the taxpayer had in similar operations?
  • What is the possibility of profit?
  • Is profit from asset appreciation possible?

Because making a determination using these factors is so subjective, the IRS regulations provide that the taxpayer has a presumption of profit motive if an activity shows a profit for any three or more years during a period of five consecutive years. However, if the activity involves breeding, training, showing or racing horses, then the period is two out of seven consecutive years.

Making the proper determination is important because of the differences in tax treatment for hobbies versus trades or businesses. If an activity is determined to be a trade or business in which the owner materially participates, then the owner can deduct a loss on his or her tax return, and it is not uncommon for a business to show a loss in the startup years.

However, hobbies (not-for-profit activities) have special, unfavorable rules for reporting the income and expenses, which have been exacerbated by the 2017 passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (tax reform). These rules are:


  1. The income is reported directly on the hobbyist’s 1040;
  2. The expenses, not exceeding the income, are deducted as a miscellaneous itemized deduction. Thus, the expenses are only allowed if a taxpayer is itemizing deductions, rather than taking the standard deduction; and
  3. Due to tax reform, for tax years 2018 through 2025, miscellaneous itemized deductions that must be reduced by 2% of the taxpayer’s adjusted gross income – which is the category into which the hobby expenses fall – have been suspended (are not deductible). Thus, for those years, there is no deduction at all for hobby expenses, and any hobby income will be fully taxable.   

Example: Marcia has income of $750 from her hobby (a not-for-profit activity) of coin collecting and expenses of $500. So, Marcia must include the $750 on her 1040. But because miscellaneous itemized deductions are currently suspended, she will not be able to deduct her $500 in expenses, leaving the full $750 as taxable income.

Another concern for hobbyists who are reporting income from their hobby on their 1040 is whether or not that income is subject to self-employment tax. Luckily, there is an exception for sporadic or one-shot deals and hobbies, which are not subject to self-employment tax.

If you have questions related to how the not-for-profit rules may apply to your activity, please contact us to review your situation. We'd be happy to help!
The information presented is of a general nature and should not be acted upon without further details and/or professional guidance. For assistance in identifying and utilizing all the tax deductions to which you are entitled, please contact us, your CPA or tax preparer.

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    Successfully meeting the challenges inherent to new and smaller businesses provides me with a special type of satisfaction. 

    Supporting businesses that have the potential to become amazing – from both the perspective of owners and team members as well as their clients – is what I enjoy. 

    I hope to use this blog to provide information specific to businesses that are growing from small beginnings into exceptional companies.

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  • Home
  • Why Us?
    • Reviews
    • Open Positions
  • Client Services
  • Resources
    • Save on QBO Subscriptions!
    • Tax Refund Status
    • Gusto Year End Checklist
    • Videos >
      • Business Taxes >
        • 2019 Business Tax Highlights
        • 7 Ways Small Business Can Save On Tax
        • Taxes for S-Corp Owners
        • The IRS Loves Businesses
      • Personal Taxes >
        • 2019 Tax Highlights
        • Five Yearly Tax Essentials
        • 4 Common Tax Surprises
        • Retirement Can Be Taxing
        • Advance Child Tax Credit Reconciliation - 2022
        • Make the Most of Your Donations
        • Five Great Tax Secrets
        • Renting Your Property Tax Free
        • Ideas to Audit-Proof Your Tax Return
      • The Tax Cuts & Jobs Act >
        • The Tax Cuts & Jobs Act: What You Need to Do Now
        • The Tax Cuts & Jobs Act: Are Itemized Deductions A Thing of the Past?
        • The Tax Cuts & Jobs Act: The New Child Care Tax Credit
      • Tax Topics >
        • Tax Season is Coming!
        • The New World of Deductions: What Everyone Needs to Know
        • Proving Your Deductions
        • How to Fix a Mistake on Your Tax Return
        • How Long Should I Save It?
        • Tax Credit vs Tax Deduction
        • Understanding Effective Tax Rate
        • Understanding Marginal Tax Rate
      • Life Events >
        • Life Events: A New Birth
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    • Articles >
      • Accounting & Bookkeeping >
        • How to Get the Most Out of Your Accounting Fees
        • The 10 Biggest Money Leaks in Your Accounting System
      • Business Factors >
        • IRS Rules for Classifying Workers
        • Checklist for a Healthy Cash Flow
        • 12 Ways to Improve Your Business Profits
        • 10 Step Annual Business Check-Up
      • Tax Topics >
        • Tax Guide for Self-Employeds
        • 15 Things Every Tax Payer Should Know
        • Disaster Casualty Losses
        • Travel & Entertainment Deductions
        • Tax Guide - A Deduction Checklist
        • What You Should Know About Tax Audits
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